Minimum Wage Laws Do Not Meet The Basic Needs Of People

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights set forth by the United Nations in 1950, article 25, paragraph 1 states, â€Å"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary socital services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control† (â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human†). This declaration explains that if a person is unable to meet their basic needs while having a job then a standard wage should be enforced much like the birth of minimum wage laws. However, now minimum wage laws need to either evolve or a new mechanism needs to be put in place. In this paper is the exploration of living wages in today’s modern society and how efficient they are. Thesis: Federal minimum wage laws do not meet the basic needs of people, because of this; the right to a standard of living is not achieved. There is a certain standard of living that each person should live by where they are earning enough money to not have to resort to government assistance. This means that one person getting paid minimum wage while living alone would either need to find a second job or resort to governmental assistance such as welfare because they cannot meet their basic needs with their minimal pay. Thus, a living wage calculator was developed by Massachusetts Institute ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Minimum Wages On Society1741 Words   |  7 Pagestalking about how minimum wages can have impacts on society as well as if there are new laws coming into place to help the common person with a family. Also see if households are impacted by how much they are getting paid and see what companies are doing to help with those that are just making minimum wage. Providing minimum wage to workers ensures that he or she will be able to provide for him or her, as well as the family his or she is taking care of. â€Å"The federal minimum wage is not tied to inflationRead MoreU.s. Federal Minimum Wage Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagespassed the federal minimum wage law in 1938 as part of their Fair Labor Standards Act. Federal minimum wages were intended to ensure fair wages were paid to an alarming amount of women and youths employed and paid substandard wages. This also seems to be the case today, where countless Americans who work full time, cannot make ends meet by making minimum wage. Evidence shows that raising the minimum wage would drive consumer spending, thus producing faster macroeconomic growth. Wage stagnation is oneRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Raised?1337 Words   |  6 Pagesnot to raise the minimum wage in America has been a widely discussed topic for years. Minimum wage refers to the smallest amount of money a worker can leg ally be paid in the U.S. It was first signed into law in 1938 by President Franklin Roosevelt in order to keep workers out of poverty and as it stands, the current federal minimum wage in the U.S. is $7.25 per hour. (United States Department of Labor). Today, while some are even questioning the significance of having a minimum wage at all, othersRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Should Not Increase The Value Of The Worker s Labor1280 Words   |  6 PagesRaising the minimum wage does not increase the value of the worker s labor. It increases the cost of the worker s labor. And as everyone knows, the more something costs, the less of it we buy...† (Antony Davies, PhD, Associate Professor of Economics at Duquesne University, and James R. Harrigan, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Institute of Political Economy at Utah State University). In this day and age, the federal minimum wage is a very prevalent topic among Americans. Should it be raised? Or willRead MoreCongress As Part Of The Fair Labor Standards Act1084 Words   |  5 PagesStandards Act (FLSA) instituted minimum wage back in 1938. The first minimum wage was at $0.25 per hour and the last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. Over the past 65 years the minimum wage has varied considerably in inflation-adjusted buying power. It has averaged $6.60 an hour in purchasing power in 2013 dollars, but it has ranged from a low of $3.09 an hour in late 1948 to a high of $8.67 an hour in 1968. Today’s minimum wage buys somewhat more than the minimum wage has historically, althoughRead MoreProviding A Living Wage At America Versus Minimum Wage957 Words   |  4 PagesProviding a Living Wage in America versus Minimum Wage Minimum wage is the standard amount the government sets as the lowest an employer can pay an individual per hour. A low minimum wage can be unsustainable if it does not meet the cost of living also known as a living wage. Living wages should not only apply to employees of companies who are engaged in business with businesses or government agencies of that area, but it (living wages) should be made into law, that all business must provide aRead MoreCase study week 6 Essay example944 Words   |  4 Pageshierarchy, which basic needs does the Patagonia culture meet? What would it be like to work at Patagonia? (Hint: Go to Patagonia’s website and find the section on jobs.) What’s your assessment of the company’s work environment? (20 points) 1. The five level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Physiological Needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchyRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should be Raised1371 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wages go all the way back to 1938, during the great depression, when the stock market crash and bank loan were failing. Families need income of some type, were they wanted to make it fair were individual could get pay the same without a college degree. I am going to start off with a little about minimum wages history and how this could help our Economic. In 1892 Federal Government adopt an 8 hour workday and other wages standard for employee. In 1903 Congress create the U.S. DepartmentRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Be A Basic Right For Worker914 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose of minimum wage was to keep America’s workers out of poverty. I selected this topic because minimum wage applies to everyone entering the work force. This topic resonate with me because am about to start working and I would like to know is I can support myself financially, with only one job. I wanted to know if living wage should be a basic right for worker, should we raise the minimum wage and how does changing the minimum wage affect the economy. Increasing the minimum wage will help minoritiesRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Debacle1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe Minimum Wage Debacle â€Å"I could be easily replaced by someone tomorrow for less money.† What a dispiriting statement. I was told this from a coworker in October of last year. This coworker has worked for the same grocery store for over twenty years. His remark caused me to formulate many questions about the ethics of business. More specifically though is the question of how this can be a bigger problem than I had originally thought. I have worked many low end jobs, and have seen first

Surgical Technology Free Essays

In order to apply these concepts you first need to understand ways to evaluate the Issues. How is ethics defined? According to the Ethics Center for Engineering and Research, ethics means being concerned with what Is right or wrong, good or bad, fair or unfair, responsible or irresponsible, obligatory or permissible, praiseworthy or blameworthy. (Online Ethics Center for Engineering, 2006) It Is associated with guilt, shame, indignation, resentment, empathy, compassion, and care. We will write a custom essay sample on Surgical Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is being Interested In character as well as conduct. This article presents two ways to evaluate potential ethical questions: First is the utilitarianism system. This system concerns itself with determining the greater good and what decision will be beneficial to the most people. The second system presented Is the deontological system. Under this system, a worker would look at the needs of the individual and determine the best course of action for the patient themselves. There is no suggestion that these two methods should conflict. In fact, quite often, what is best for a patient is often what is best for society as a whole. The robber arises In the Instances where these two methods conflict. In these cases, a worker must apply the concept of prudence. This Is the Idea that a salary person would make the same decision under the same circumstances. After presenting the general concepts of ethics, the author lists several examples of situations where questions of this nature may arise. Personal decisions such as abortion, Den’s, drug use, and sterilization are explored. Society decisions to allow animal and human experimentation and organ transplantation are also reviewed. Situations that could tangentially cause a worker to be uncomfortable are examined. The author points out how difficult it is watching a DEN patient pass without acting can be. The issue of a patient’s right to privacy Is also delved Into. A patient Is not required to reveal their HIVE status even though this could pose a danger to any worker in the operating room. Quality versus quantity of life is explained, however, the ethical problem is not a decision that needs to be made. In this case, the law has already determined assisted suicide Is not an option. The problem lies in the workers desire to help a wing individual die, even though they are unable to do so. This instance shows that ethical problems do not necessarily Involve decision making on the surgical technician’s, but rather a state of mind in many circumstances. Despite the medical reason one might have for being hospitalized or cared for by a health care professional In an operating room setting and, regardless of how â€Å"ethically or unethically† the medical situation may be perceived through the eyes of the medical 1 OFF professional, It Is ten Neal care proportional’s duty to De Touches on ten patient. The patient has a right to quality health care regardless of the circumstances or situations surrounding the procedure. This includes, but is not limited to, any situation that evokes an inevitable emotional human response. The underlying theme in patient care and ethics is that the health care worker’s feelings do not play into the decisions that need to be made for the patient nor do they have any bearing on what is best for society as a whole. Our responsibilities, as Purpose Surgical Technologists, go beyond the mere ability to perform our daily Job functions. Our position is all encompassing in that, not only does it include the use of surgical instruments and equipment towards promoting health and well being, but it also extends to the rights of the patients under our care to receive the best quality, appropriate care within the patient’s wishes and desires. We, as health care professionals, owe it to our patients to give them the highest possible quality of care of which we are capable. Uses in Career In order to be able to provide care without Judgment you need to do some deep soul searching and have a complete understanding of your ethical beliefs and biases. Once you have that understanding, if you find your ethical beliefs could interfere with your work performance, you need to share these feelings with your employer. Each patient is entitled to the same level of understanding regardless of your personal Judgment. What you feel or believe to be wrong does not necessarily have a bearing on what is best for the patient. Summary The intent of this article is to point out the various ways a health care professional can evaluate circumstances they may encounter in the work place. They can determine what is the best ethical course of action for society as a whole, they can determine what is best for the patient and his or her personal situation, or they can combine the two methods and approach the situation prudently. No matter which approach is taken, it is always best to take your personal feelings and emotions out of the equation. The bottom line is to combine doing what is right in general with what is right for the patient. Even in a surgical situation, customer service is paramount. Putting yourself in another person’s shoes may be a simple click, but it goes a long way in this occupation. How to cite Surgical Technology, Papers

My Mountain free essay sample

Generally, people always approach point in their lives where they are at a constant struggle, trying to reach the top of a mountain, yet no matter how high they climb, they still feel like they are stuck at the bottom. My biggest, most complicated mountain so far would have to be my father’s former alcohol problem. The chaos started at a young age for me. I had no worries in the world, and I was blind to all the trouble alcohol brought to my family. I never knew when things were going wrong because everything seemed like a fun roller coaster to me until the day my mom and I came home from my grandparents’ house. My neighbors from down the street met us in our driveway. They began to slowly tell my mother and I that they found my father face down in the lake as still as a rock, just floating. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had gone jet skiing while under the influence of alcohol. Tears filled my eyes as I looked into the sky just to see a big orange helicopter take my father away to the hospital. Nervousness and disappointment could be seen all over my mother and I’s faces. From that day on, my outlook on everything changed. My father spent a week in the hospital regaining strength and good health before he finally returned home. One would think that after such a scary experience my father would choose to change for the better, but sadly, that was not the case. He began to drink on and off throughout many years, sending our family on an awfully bumpy and emotional ride. All of his bad choices affected me majorly including my grades and the way I performed in sports. My father’s alcohol problem had become a negative shadow that followed me everywhere. Now some may think that a girl who grew up with an alcoholic father would be â€Å"messed up† or at least following in his footsteps. Well I decided I did not want to be that girl. Instead I have grown to become an intelligent and driven student who holds a spot in the top 10% of her class. I have also successfully been inducted into the National Honor Society and have been granted the privilege of team captain for my varsity soccer team. I could not allow this negative shadow to defeat me. Overall, although treacherous and frustrating, I made it to the top of my mountain. I am no longer a victim to the complications. I am, and will continue to be, successful.

Real Time Business Intelligence in Supply Chain Analytics

Question: Discuss about the Real Time Business Intelligence in Supply Chain Analytics. Answer: Introduction: I would like to pursue a career in marketing management. The marketing department is an integral part of every organization irrespective of the industry in which it operates. A marketing professional uses various tools to analyze the internal and external environment that impacts the business. It is important for an organization to gain a competitive advantage for sustaining its market position in a given industry. Innovation and differentiation can help an organization in achieving its long-term goals. This can be done by re-inventing product development, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and customer support activities (Tarantilis, 2008). A marketing professional analyzes the value chain, competitor strategies, and industry trends. Marketers conduct a competitor analysis by examining their resources, product portfolio, competencies, research activities and positioning strategy. This gives a fair understanding of their relative strengths and weaknesses (Gligor, 2016). Marketing professionals are required to conduct market research through surveys, focus groups, interviews and field tests. A market analysis helps to understand the customer needs, growth rate, pricing trends, technological advancements, bargaining power of suppliers and emerging distribution channels. Managers use this research for taking decisions related to the marketing mix. Value chain includes suppliers, a manufacturing firm, distributors, and customers. As the product passes from one link of the chain to the other, it gains some value. A value chain involves business operations, marketing, and sales (Modrak and Marton, 2012). The marketing managers should have an in-depth understanding of the value chain in order to achieve a competitive advantage with the help of information technologies. The upstream and downstream flow of information helps the managers in making informed decisions. Analysing a value chain gives meaningful insights about the competitors. Marketing professions use en vironmental scanning for strategic decision making. Information is acquired about the political, social, economic, legal and technological trends that impact the business (Modrak and Marton, 2012). Marketing mix includes various tools that are used by an organization to influence the purchase decisions of consumers. The main areas of marketing decisions include product, place, price and promotion. The marketing strategies should be aligned with the organizational objectives. Marketing decisions are influenced by the PLC (Product Life Cycle) (OLeary, 2008). Every product goes through different stages from the time it is launched in the market to the time it fades away or disappears from the market. The four stages of PLC are an introductory stage, growth stage, maturity stage, and decline stage. Sales and profits vary throughout the PLC. The product offered by a company may be a tangible good or an intangible service. The products offered by a company are aimed to satisfy the customer needs and preferences (OLeary, 2008). A company keeps making changes in the product portfolio for increasing its customer base sustaining its position in the market. The marketing professions make decisions regarding the products offered by the company (Sahay and Ranjan, 2008). This includes their performance, quality, packaging, after-sales service, return procedure etc. Price is the amount of money charged by a company for a given product. There are several factors that are considered before setting a price. These factors include product category, the cost of raw materials, manufacturing cost, distribution cost, profit margin, target customers, market competition, demand level and advertising budget (zer and Raz, 2011). The most commonly used pricing strategies are premium pricing, economy pricing, market skimming, market penetration and neutral pricing. Promotions are used to communicate with the customers. Companies rely on promotional activities for enhancing their sales (Park and Koh, 2014). Marketing professionals promote the products/ services through advertisements, public relations, social media, special offers, press releases, emails, event sponsorships, loyalty pr ograms etc. Marketing managers generally prefer to use more than one promotional tool. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that different tools should convey a consistent message to the target customers. Products can be advertised through online (display ads and pop-up ads) or offline modes (television, newspapers, magazines, leaflets and billboards) (Park and Koh, 2014). Marketing professionals are required to make decisions regarding promotional mix, positioning statement, message design, medium selection and message frequency. The place is the point where the customers can have access to company products and services. A company may choose to provide its products/ services through offline or online modes. The point of sale can be a retail store or a shopping website. Marketing professionals are required to make decisions regarding the location of the retail outlet, warehousing, and transportation (Park and Koh, 2014). The main issue in the organization is that the marketing managers miss out some critical information while formulating strategies. Incomplete or delayed information leads to flawed marketing strategies. If the information is unorganized or the volume is high, there are chances that some crucial information may be overlooked (Priem and Swink, 2012). Since the internal and external factors are constantly changing, it is important to get information from reliable sources in a timely manner. Aim and Objectives of Project Technology is being used in different departments (production, marketing, HR etc.) of an organization for the purpose of innovation. Digitalization of supply chain can help in gaining an edge over the rivals in the automotive industry. Through digitalization of supply chain, the managers will be able to collect data and analyse it in a better manner. This will also help the managers in connecting with the customers through a digital medium (Ekinci and Baykasoglu, 2016). The information collected through digitalization of supply chain will help the marketing managers in making quick decisions. The main aim of this project is to replace the manual capturing and analysis of information by digital methods. Sharing of information will become more efficient. All the financial and non-financial data will be captured digitally. Analysis of data on a daily basis will help to understand the position of the company in the market. Multiple sets of data will give a better understanding of busines s operations (Djelloul, Estampe and Lamouri, 2012). Digitalization of supply chain will give more visibility about the various links involved in the value chain. This will make the managers capable of responding to business challenges like inventory shortage, scarcity of resources, and drop in orders (Ekinci and Baykasoglu, 2016). Better data analysis capabilities will lead to better business planning in the automotive industry. Literature Review for the Issue It is the responsibility of the marketing professionals to analyse the strategic issues and the companys competitive position in the industry. The managers have to identify the business opportunities and threats on the basis of this analysis. Marketing professional identifies the business areas that need improvement for gaining competitive advantage. The major marketing objectives are to increase the Return on Investment (ROI) for the company and create a positive brand image (Bouzayani, 2013). A company can become an industry leader by means of innovation. Innovation is not restricted to the products and services offered to the customers. A company can exhibit innovation through organizational culture, promotional strategies, distribution strategies, and supply chain management. Supply chain takes into consideration the flow of the information, material, and finances from the supplier to the end consumer or from the consumer to the supplier through various intermediaries (Djelloul, Estampe and Lamouri, 2012). Marketing professionals have to coordinate with the operational managers and production managers for making business decisions. For example, pricing depends upon the total cost incurred by the company and cost optimization depends upon supply chain management. Marketing managers require all the important information about supply chain. It is very important for the marketing professional to acquire the right information at the right time for making business strategies. Information about the value chain or supply chain can be helpful in product improvement or new product development (Klein, 2007). Acquiring reliable information in a timely manner is a major challenge for marketing professionals. Project Proposal Big Data will be used in the company. Big data will help to analyse large volumes of data. This will result in better analytical capabilities. The marketing managers will have access to crucial information on a real-time basis (Reimann and Ketchen, 2017). It will be possible to share information with the different players in the value chain on a real-time basis for planning purpose. This will help to integrate various organizational functions like production activities, data management, and planning. Internet of Things (IOT) will be used for establishing a connection between different sources of information. Internet of Things (IOT) will help the marketing professionals to make demand forecasts in an accurate manner (Priem and Swink, 2012). Internet of Things (IOT) will be useful for the managers in creating simulations and what-if scenarios. Portals will be designed for the effective flow of information with stakeholders on a real-time basis. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) docume nts will be used by the company (Carter, Kosmol and Kaufmann, 2016). Through EDI, the processing of documents will become more efficient and no human intervention will be required (Bouzayani, 2013). All important business documents will be exchanged in a specific electronic format. This will increase the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process. The efficiency of supply chain after digitalization can be measured through profit growth, inventory levels, order-to-delivery time and order cycle time (Bag, 2016). Customer satisfaction level can be measured with the help of order-fulfil rate, stock-out rate, and on-time delivery rate. The company will use ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software. This software will be helpful in capturing, storing and interpreting business information (Bouzayani, 2013). ERP will be ideal for an automotive manufacturing company as it will integrate various organizational functions like production, marketing, and accounting. A common database will be available for all these functions. Managers can access information on a real-time basis. This software will facilitate the flow of information between different departments (Bouzayani, 2013). The independent variable for this study is time. The dependent variable is the information required by marketing professionals like inventory levels, order-to-delivery time, stock-out rate and production rate. References Bag, S. (2016). Flexible procurement systems is key to supply chain sustainability.Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 10(1). Bouzayani, W. (2013). Real Time Supply Chain Management Co-Modeling of Total Supply Chain Solutions.Science Journal of Business and Management, 1(1), p.8. Carter, C., Kosmol, T. and Kaufmann, L. (2016). Toward a Supply Chain Practice View.Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53(1), pp.114-122. Djelloul, S., Estampe, D. and Lamouri, S. (2012). Real-time information management in supply chain modelling tools.International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics, 7(4), p.294. Ekinci, E. and Baykasoglu, A. (2016). Modelling complexity in retail supply chains.Kybernetes, 45(2), pp.297-322. Gligor, D. (2016). The Role of Supply Chain Agility in Achieving Supply Chain Fit.Decision Sciences, 47(3), pp.524-553. Klein, R. (2007). Customization and real time information access in integrated eBusiness supply chain relationships.Journal of Operations Management, 25(6), pp.1366-1381. Modrak, V. and Marton, D. (2012). Complexity Metrics for Assembly Supply Chains: A Comparative Study.Advanced Materials Research, 629, pp.757-762. OLeary, D. (2008). Supporting decisions in real-time enterprises: autonomic supply chain systems.Information Systems and e-Business Management, 6(3), pp.239-255. zer, . and Raz, G. (2011). Supply Chain Sourcing Under Asymmetric Information.Production and Operations Management, 20(1), pp.92-115. Park, K. and Koh, C. (2014). Effect of change management capability in real-time environment: an information orientation perspective in supply chain management.Behaviour Information Technology, 34(1), pp.94-104. Priem, R. and Swink, M. (2012). A Demand-side Perspective on Supply Chain Management.Journal of Supply Chain Management, 48(2), pp.7-13. Reimann, F. and Ketchen, D. (2017). Power in Supply Chain Management.Journal of Supply Chain Management. Sahay, B. and Ranjan, J. (2008). Real time business intelligence in supply chain analytics.Information Management Computer Security, 16(1), pp.28-48. Tarantilis, C. (2008). Topics in Real-time Supply Chain Management.Computers Operations Research, 35(11), pp.3393-3396.

Tips on Writing a Physical Therapy School Essay Sample

Tips on Writing a Physical Therapy School Essay SampleThere are several different reasons why you may want to write a physical therapy school essay sample. You may be an aspiring or working student and are having difficulty getting an education that is just as worthwhile as what you are obtaining at your current school. Or, you may be a parent who is concerned about the financial stability of your child's health care facility.It is a very complex issue, and many different options can be found to help you. Many students have health care insurance and therefore can request help for medical services. Some states also have private insurance available, which might be another option. As a parent, you have the choice of trying to get private medical coverage for your child, or working with your child's health care facility to help pay for it.If you're working with a private health care facility, there are several different things you can do to ensure that your student's current school doesn 't get a better offer than yours. One of the most common ways to get better treatment is through an evaluation at your local hospital. Of course, most of these patients must go through multiple evaluations in order to get better.Another option for helping your student's current school to win better payment is to request a partial scholarship. Most universities and colleges offer partial scholarships, but the one you're applying for will have to be approved by the financial aid office at your school.A physical therapy school essay sample will help you get your application approved and will help to improve your chances of getting the scholarship that you need. By applying for the more advanced scholarship that is offered, you may also be able to keep your student out of the hospital if they already have been admitted to a hospital facility.However, you'll need to write an essay sample that is clear and concise. This is a part of the process, and a number of different factors will be t aken into consideration.Whether you are working with a student in one of the health care centers that are affiliated with your local university, or if you are applying to a school in another state, your essay should make an effort to help them do well. The more clear and concise your essay is, the more likely it is to get a positive response.

Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness Essay Example

Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness Essay Program evaluation is a tool used for evaluating and assessing a program in place. This paper will describe program evaluation and how it can be useful for an organization wishing to determine the efficiency, effectiveness, and the impact of a program. Five of the most common program evaluation models will be introduced. A number of different models are used by those who evaluate programs. This paper will describe, in detail, the success case method for evaluations. Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness Program evaluation is a process of assessing whether a program is efficient, effective, and has an impact on its intended users (Posavac and Carey, 2007). Program evaluation occurs in an organized setting and is a collection of methods, skills, and sensitivities used to determine whether a need is met and whether or not the objectives or goals of the program are sufficiently delivered and achieved. Evaluation looks at program and project objectives and asks whether they have been achieved, judges the worth of ongoing programs, decides upon the usefulness of new program or projects, and so forth† (Boulmetis and Dutwin, 2005, p. 3). Another way to look at program evaluation is to assess the current state of a program and identify any discrepancies of the current state and what the intended state is supposed to be. Program evaluations can be useful to an organization in several ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Program Evaluation and Its Usefulness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Program evaluations can contribute to quality services by providing feedback. Formative evaluations, which are designed to help form the programs themselves, provide feedback that can be crucial to the success of an organization (Posavac and Carey, 2007). Also, evaluations can help an organization decide whether a program should be started or not and choose between different program options (Posavac and Carey, 2007). Through data collection, evaluation questions, and data analysis an organization can decide on the effective of a new or ongoing program. Program evaluations can verify that resources would be devoted to meeting unmet needs, verify that implemented programs do provide services, examine the outcome of programs, provide information to maintain and improve quality, and watch for unplanned side effects. Five Most Common Types of Program Evaluation Models The five most common types of program evaluations are ones that assess the program’s efficiency, assess the program’s design and theory, assess the program’s impact on the community or end user, assess the program’s process or implementation, and assess the need for the program. Success Case Model for Evaluation According to Brinkerhoff (1983), success case evaluation seeks qualitative information about a few subjects rather than seeking thinner, quantifiable data about many subjects. The success case model derives information from those participants who have benefited from the program according to the goals and objectives the program intends to have. This feedback may be helpful to others who have not benefitted as well from the program. Success cases may be studies briefly through short interviews with a few trainees or through more elaborate approaches, such as work-sample analysis, records analysis and observation† (Brinkerhoff, 1983, para. 9). Some uses of the success case method are illustrating that the program has a positive impact, modifying and strengthening the program being evaluated, and building data collection methods to determine the extent of the program’s impact (Brinkerhoff, 1983). Evaluation questions often associated with th e success case model ask: How has the program been used? What benefits are results of the program? What problems occurred during or because of the program? Conclusion Program evaluation is necessary to accurately examine a program’s efficiency, effectiveness, or impact of the particular program through the means evaluation questions, data collection, and data analysis. These types of evaluations can provide useful feedback to organizations to examine the outcomes of a program, verify that the goals and objectives of a program are met, provide information to choose between different programs, provide information to improve quality of a program, and watch for unplanned side effects. The five most common evaluation models address the need for a program, the efficiency of a program, the impact of a program, the theory of a program, and the implementation of a program. The success case model of evaluation seeks information on a select group of participants who have experienced success from the program. Feedback from the program can help to modify or strengthen the program, help others who have yet to benefit from the program, and determine the impact of the program on its participants. References Brinkerhoff, R. O. (August 1983). The success case: a low-cost, high-yield evaluation. Training and Development Journal. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from www. ebscohost. com. Boulmetis, J. amp; Dutwin, P. (2005). The ABCs of evaluation: Timeless techniques for program and project managers. (2nd ed. ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/John Wiley amp; Sons. Posavac, E. , amp; Carey, R. (2007). Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. (7th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Data Sources For Sociological Research

Data Sources For Sociological Research In conducting research, sociologists draw upon data from a variety of sources on different subjects: economy, finance, demography, health, education, crime, culture, environment, agriculture, etc. This data is gathered and made available by governments, social science scholars, and students from various disciplines. When the data are available electronically for analysis, they are typically called data sets. Many sociological research studies do not require the gathering of original data for analysis, especially since there are so many agencies and researchers gathering, publishing, or otherwise distributing data all the time. Sociologists may explore, analyze, and illuminate this data in new ways for different purposes. Below are a few of the many options for accessing data, depending on the topic you are studying. U.S. Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census and serves as a leading source of data about Americas people and economy. It also gathers other national and economic data, many of which are available online. The U.S. Census Bureau website includes data from the Economic Census, the American Community Survey, the 1990 Census, the 2000 Census, and current population estimates. Also available are interactive internet tools that include mapping tools and data at the national, state, county, and city level. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics The Bureau Of Labor Statistics is a branch of the United States Department of Labor and is the government agency that is responsible for collecting data about employment, unemployment, pay and benefits, consumer spending, work productivity, workplace injuries, employment projections, international labor comparisons, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Data can be accessed online in a variety of formats. The National Center for Health Statistics The National Center For Health Statistics (NCHS) is a part of the Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) and is responsible for collecting data from birth and death records, medical records, interview surveys, and through direct physical exams and laboratory testing in order to provide important surveillance information that helps identify and address critical health problems in the United States. Data available on the website include Healthy People 2010 data, Injury data, National Death Index data, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. TheDataWeb Data Web: Data Ferrett is a network of online data libraries based on datasets provided by several U.S. government agencies including the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Center for Disease Control. Data topics include census data, economic data, health data, income, and unemployment data, population data, labor data, cancer data, crime and transportation data, family dynamics, and vital statistics data. Users need to download the DataFerret application (available from that site) in order to access and use the datasets. The National Survey of Families and Households National Survey Of Families And Households (NSFH) was designed to provide a broad range of information on family life to serve as a resource for research across disciplinary perspectives. A considerable amount of life-history information was collected, including the respondents family living arrangements in childhood, departures and returns to the parental home, and histories of marriage, cohabitation, education, fertility, and employment. The design permits the detailed description of past and current living arrangements and other characteristics and experiences, as well as the analysis of the consequences of earlier patterns on current states, marital and parenting relationships, kin contact, and economic and psychological well-being. Interviews were conducted in 1987-88, 1992-94, and 2001-2003. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 in the United States during the 1994/1995 school year. The Add Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood with four in-home interviews, the most recent in 2008 when the sample was aged 24 to 32. Add Health combines longitudinal survey data on respondents social, economic, psychological and physical well-being with contextual data on the family, neighborhood, community, school, friendships, peer groups, and romantic relationships, providing unique opportunities to study how social environments and behaviors in adolescence are linked to health and achievement outcomes in young adulthood. The fourth wave of interviews expanded the collection of biological data in Add Health to understand the social, behavioral, and biological linkages in health trajectories as the Add Health cohort ages through adulthood. Sources Carolina Population Center. (2011). Add Health. cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealthCenter for Demography, University of Wisconsin. (2008). National Survey of Families and Households. ssc.wisc.edu/nsfh/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). cdc.gov/nchs/about.htm