Data Sources For Sociological Research

Data Sources For Sociological Research In conducting research, sociologists draw upon data from a variety of sources on different subjects: economy, finance, demography, health, education, crime, culture, environment, agriculture, etc. This data is gathered and made available by governments, social science scholars, and students from various disciplines. When the data are available electronically for analysis, they are typically called data sets. Many sociological research studies do not require the gathering of original data for analysis, especially since there are so many agencies and researchers gathering, publishing, or otherwise distributing data all the time. Sociologists may explore, analyze, and illuminate this data in new ways for different purposes. Below are a few of the many options for accessing data, depending on the topic you are studying. U.S. Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census and serves as a leading source of data about Americas people and economy. It also gathers other national and economic data, many of which are available online. The U.S. Census Bureau website includes data from the Economic Census, the American Community Survey, the 1990 Census, the 2000 Census, and current population estimates. Also available are interactive internet tools that include mapping tools and data at the national, state, county, and city level. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics The Bureau Of Labor Statistics is a branch of the United States Department of Labor and is the government agency that is responsible for collecting data about employment, unemployment, pay and benefits, consumer spending, work productivity, workplace injuries, employment projections, international labor comparisons, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Data can be accessed online in a variety of formats. The National Center for Health Statistics The National Center For Health Statistics (NCHS) is a part of the Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) and is responsible for collecting data from birth and death records, medical records, interview surveys, and through direct physical exams and laboratory testing in order to provide important surveillance information that helps identify and address critical health problems in the United States. Data available on the website include Healthy People 2010 data, Injury data, National Death Index data, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. TheDataWeb Data Web: Data Ferrett is a network of online data libraries based on datasets provided by several U.S. government agencies including the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Center for Disease Control. Data topics include census data, economic data, health data, income, and unemployment data, population data, labor data, cancer data, crime and transportation data, family dynamics, and vital statistics data. Users need to download the DataFerret application (available from that site) in order to access and use the datasets. The National Survey of Families and Households National Survey Of Families And Households (NSFH) was designed to provide a broad range of information on family life to serve as a resource for research across disciplinary perspectives. A considerable amount of life-history information was collected, including the respondents family living arrangements in childhood, departures and returns to the parental home, and histories of marriage, cohabitation, education, fertility, and employment. The design permits the detailed description of past and current living arrangements and other characteristics and experiences, as well as the analysis of the consequences of earlier patterns on current states, marital and parenting relationships, kin contact, and economic and psychological well-being. Interviews were conducted in 1987-88, 1992-94, and 2001-2003. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 in the United States during the 1994/1995 school year. The Add Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood with four in-home interviews, the most recent in 2008 when the sample was aged 24 to 32. Add Health combines longitudinal survey data on respondents social, economic, psychological and physical well-being with contextual data on the family, neighborhood, community, school, friendships, peer groups, and romantic relationships, providing unique opportunities to study how social environments and behaviors in adolescence are linked to health and achievement outcomes in young adulthood. The fourth wave of interviews expanded the collection of biological data in Add Health to understand the social, behavioral, and biological linkages in health trajectories as the Add Health cohort ages through adulthood. Sources Carolina Population Center. (2011). Add Health. cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealthCenter for Demography, University of Wisconsin. (2008). National Survey of Families and Households. ssc.wisc.edu/nsfh/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). cdc.gov/nchs/about.htm

Business law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business law - Research Paper Example The policies formulated must be taken into consideration for implementation purposes. Due to dispute that may arise either from the residents of United Arab Emirates or investors from other countries, ADNOC is a company which is committed to ensuring that sustainable development or equal share between individuals and the earth is achieved. Due to this fact, it has made the company to be competitive and thus it has substantial business transactions by either transporting, shipping oil to other countries, marketing oil and distributing. The demand of oil from non producing countries has made United Arab Emirates to expand and develop other gas fields. Due to this expansion Abu Dhabi National Oil Company has 14 companies for distributing oil, gas and other crude oil. This paper seeks to discuss and examine the means of dispute resolution used by Abu Dhabi National Oil Company in United Arab Emirates. United Arab Emirates is a country that is known for foreign investments and thus the country does not have domestic laws which protect those individual who invest in the country. Treaties are normally used in United Arab Emirates though there is need to come up with investment protection and legal means which are used when there is an investment opportunity. The Great Britain was the one which granted emirates free from protectorate laws in 1939 to 1953. During this entire period the law to govern the Emirates of Abu Dhabi was not documented and thus no legislative or administrative means could be used to cancel any business operation that was being carried by the investors. In 1960s agreements between Abu Dhabi and other international oil companies were written requiring the applicable law to be used while carrying business transactions either abroad or locally. The agreements which were signed out contained force of law and thus incase of breaking it then one was answerable to the law. The

Pressures for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pressures for Change - Essay Example Barrett was barely a year old at the organization when America started the war on Iraq. This was in 2001. The war was solely a political move that had dire consequences on different aspects of the American economy. It strained the economy as more money was needed to fund the fight. In this case, the money could only be sourced from public fund which is tax collected. This resulted in a shift in the purchasing forms of most the American market. The war also affected international markets. For instance, sympathizers of the Iraqi government started discriminating against American products and Intel was one of the companies that felt the consequence of the discrimination. Intel manufactures computer chips and sells them off to other companies some of which are situated overseas (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, 2009). The poor performance following this had detrimental consequences on the firms’ standings at the stocks market since low sales meant lower profits resulting to low dividends t o its share holders. As a result, investors began shying off from Intel’s shares and this was to blame for the poorest price of twenty dollars that the company’s share got to by September 2001. This poor performance caused by the geopolitical factor needed effective change to reverse. It was a trend that could have seen this leading market player liquidated within the shortest period and the chief executive office Craig Barrett could not have known what would have hit him. Being the aggressive individual he was, he noticed the need initiate change and introduce a brand into the market that could sustain the buying trends at the time. It is with this in mind that he launched faster and smaller processors at lower prices. With this type of product, the firm shifted its market target from the high end citizens to the middle and low class who coincidentally formed the majority of the population. He also was forced to diversify the firm’s operation. He transformed th e company from merely making the microprocessors to a manufacturer of other information and communication appliances. In as much as the move to begin manufacturing other communication and information appliances was a good one, it was bound to impact negatively on the general sale of the firm’s products. Intel initially manufactured these micro chips and sold them to other manufacturers of ICT products such as Toshiba, Acer, and Hewlett Packer (HP). This meant that these other secondary firms would buy these chips in bulk and use them to manufacture their products. But since Intel would still reserve the copyright laws, they would always indicate that their products had Intel chips. This acted as a platform for further advertisement for Intel’s products. It is, therefore, only logical that when Intel began manufacturing such appliances as computers and mobile phones, it started competing for the very limited market with its former customers. This would not have been rec eived positively by these companies as they started treating Intel as a competitor and not a supplier. This further reduced the sales of the firm’s products and contributed to the poor price of the firm in the year 2001 and early 2002. With a poor performance, and the changes that the chief executive officer was making in the firm, the company was most definitely taking a newer shape. The

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Report

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Report Jason Taylor Introduction Glucose is a simple sugar that provides nearly half of the body’s energy, it can’t be eaten directly thus it is obtained from eating foods that contain carbohydrates. The liver stores about 1/3 of the body’s total glucose in the form of glycogen while muscle cells store 2/3 of glucose in the same form (Whitney Rolfe, p99). The amount of sugar present in the blood is known as the blood sugar, these levels need to be tightly regulated by the body (Jiang Zhang 2003). Eating food causes an increase in blood glucose levels, this stimulates insulin release from the pancreas into the blood stream, insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells, stimulates liver and muscle cells to store it as glycogen and then the excess glucose is converted into fat (Whitney Rolfe, p99). Low blood glucose levels are stimulated by the glucagon release from the pancreas, this causes the stored glycogen to be converted to glucose which causes an increase in the blood glucose levels (Whit ney Rolfe, p99). Diabetes Mellitus is a group of disorders that have glucose intolerance in common, type I and type II diabetes are the most common. Type I diabetes mellitus is when the cells don’t produce enough insulin and its symptoms include excessive thirst and urination, lethargy, unexplained weight loss and wounds that heal slowly. Type I diabetes is due to the loss of beta cells in the pancreas which are responsible for the secretion of insulin (McCance Huether, pg745). There have been two types of type I diabetes identified, type 1A is an autoimmune disease in which environmental and genetic factors trigger the destruction of beta cells. Type 1B is non-immune and it’s when individuals having varying amounts of insulin deficiency (McCance Huether, pg746). Type II diabetes mellitus is less common and is when cells don’t respond to insulin, genetic factors such as a lack of insulin receptors combined with environmental influences like obesity can result in the pathophysio logic mechanisms for type II diabetes like decreased insulin secretion and insulin resistance. These are crucial for the development of type II diabetes mellitus (McCance Huether, pg750). There are numerous complications associated with diabetes such as hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypoglycaemia is when there’s low levels of glucose which is damaging as the brain and nervous system rely on glucose to function. Hypoglycaemia can be caused by too much insulin, strenuous physical exertion or inadequate food intake (Munter Spiegelman, 2007). Impaired glucose regulation can lead to hyperglycaemia which is abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood, for this to occur at least 80-90% of the beta cell function have to be compromised (McCance Huether, pg758). Carbohydrates need to be broken down into monosaccharaides before they can be absorbed. Their digestion begins in the mouth when salivary amylase hydrolyses them to shorter polysaccharides, they then progress to the stomach that doesn’t play a role in carbohydrate digestion however its low pH inactivates the salivary amylase (Whitney Rolfe, p101). The small intestine is where most of the digestion occurs, pancreatic amylase breaks down the polysaccharides to monosaccharide’s which are then absorbed (Whitney Rolfe, p103). A glucometer is used to calculate the concentration of glucose in the blood, a small drop of blood or a sample is placed on a disposable strip which is inserted into the glucometer which calculates the blood sugar levels (Whitney Rolfe, 2013). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to detect diabetes mellitus, there are accepted minimum and maximum values for glucose levels in blood (mmol/L) to be within, if they are beneath or exceed them it could indicate a diabetic profile. In this report we investigated the presence of glucose in urine samples as well as the BGL in prepared samples to determine if any of the patients showed a diabetic profile. Methods Most of the methods were followed as stated in: â€Å"RMB2530 Pathophysiology 1: Laboratory Manual, 2013† however due to safety and health issues real blood and urine samples were not taken. Results Table 3: Class Glucose Tolerance Test Results (Mary) Table 3: Class Glucose Tolerance Test Results (Alex) Graph 1: Blood Glucose Vs. Time for Mary and Alex Discussion Mary had a normal OGTT result as her blood glucose levels didn’t have a dramatic increase and they decreased efficiently as well. Mary’s blood glucose rose at 30 minutes (6.06 mmol/L) however the liver responded to the extra glucose by releasing insulin which promoted the uptake of glucose by cells and its storage as glycogen (Rubin Strayer, pg680). Alex had an impaired response to glucose as his glucose levels rose at 30 minutes and kept rising till 60 minutes, his highest glucose reading was 16 mmol/L while Mary’s highest was 6 mmol/L. From 60 minutes onwards Alex’s blood glucose exceeded the maximum range acceptable for blood glucose levels. At 60 minutes his blood glucose was 17.16 mmol/L while the maximum accepted range is 8.9 mmol/L. This indicates a diabetic profile as a normal response is insulin release by the pancreatic beta cells that regulate glucose uptake in liver and skeletal muscle. The delayed decline in glucose suggests that the beta cel ls aren’t producing glucose or that the cells aren’t responding to the insulin (Rubin Strayer, pg1090). The liver is the primary organ involved in glucose homeostasis responding rapidly to fluctuation in blood glucose levels. The reason that there is an increase in blood glucose is due to the consumption of food. Eating foods causes an increase in blood glucose, this stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas which is responsible for stimulating glucose uptake. Excess blood glucose is utilised by the body and stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle while excess glucose is converted to fat (Whitney Rolfe, p99). During periods of starvation or fasting, there is a lack of glucose. Low blood glucose levels are stimulated by the glucagon release from the pancreas, this causes the stored glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose which causes an increase in the blood glucose levels. The conversion of glucose to glucose is known as glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis is formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fatty acids and is utilised dur ing fasting periods. Symptoms of patients with diabetes mellitus include excessive urination and thirst, lethargy, headaches, dizziness, mood swings and leg cramps. Type I and II are the most commonly known diabetes forms however there are other types. Some people don’t have high enough blood glucose levels to be classified as diabetes, however since they are not normal it’s known as impaired glucose metabolism or pre-diabetes. There are two pre-diabetic conditions; impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). IGT is when glucose levels are not high enough to be classified as diabetes, however they are still high while IFG are when blood fasting glucose levels escalated during fasting states but are yet again not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a high blood glucose level during pregnancy as a result of the hormones, it usually goes away after the baby’s birth. Excessive thirst with large amounts of diluted urine is known as diabetes insipidus (DI), it occurs in two forms; central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). CDI is due to an ADH d eficiency, ADH or anti-diuretic hormone is responsible for retaining water. NDI is when the kidneys or nephrons are insensitive to ADH. Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, glucose is usually filtered back into the bloodstream by the kidneys. Untreated diabetes mellitus is due to elevated glucose levels which leads to glycosuria. Filtrate pass through sieves in the kidney walls and get reabsorbed in to the blood. Damage to the filters results in filtrate excretion into urine. Urine sample A belonged to Alex and was positive for glucose as it changed from blue (negative) to dark green (+). Urine sample B belonged to Mary and it was negative for glycosuria. Alex’s positive urine sample could be due to his elevated glucose levels. Any differences between individual results could be attributed to a number of different reasons, there could have been errors during the glucometer readings such as contaminating the glucometer stick. There could have been errors made during the pipetting of the stock glucose and water resulting in a different concentration to what was required. The experiment should be repeated again to add validity to the results. Overall the experiment followed scientific expectations, the patient with diabetes mellitus was identified through measurement of the blood glucose levels as well as testing of a urine sample. The experiment should be repeated again to add validity to the results. References Tortora, GJ, Funke, BR, Case, CL (2010).Microbiology: An Introduction. 10th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 318, 586, 587, 710. McCance, KL, Huether, SE, Brashers, VL, Rote, NS (2010).Pathophysiology:The biological Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 6th ed. Missouri: Mosby Inc . 296, 1684. Rubin, R, Strayer, DS (2012).Rubins Pathology: Clincopathologic Foundations of Medicine. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 332, 346, 348. Jiang, G. Zhang, B.B. 2003, Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism,American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism,vol. 284, no. 4, pp. E671-678. Whitney, E Rolfes, S (2012).Understanding Nutrition. 13th ed. Australia New Zealand : Yolanda Cassio. Pg95-101.

Opinion on E-Tolls Essay

A democracy is a government by the people and when the people are not being led, but they are being forced, then there are many questions about the democratic government that need to be soliciting and retorting. The e-Toll system is an electronic tolling system that does not require motorists to stop in order for them to be billed, just as an ordinary toll booth. This system is being imposed on to the motorists of Gauteng and is being masked as a method of raising funds for the development of Gauteng roads and ultimately, South African roads. The imposing of this system is totally out of the scope of a democracy; it is a huge waste of tax payers’ money and should be totally abolished by the South African government. Several e-tolls are found on various highways in Gauteng and how they work is once you drive under them, it scans your e-tag and license plates (at the front and back), takes an aerial view of your car, measures the size of it (in order to know how much to bill you), finds who’s registered to the vehicle and then they are billed electronically. As fancy as it sounds, vehicle users in Gauteng are on the brink of daylight robbery with the new e-toll system that is about to be imposed on them by SANRAL (South African Road Agency Ltd.), and if nothing is done, the country will find itself being dragged by the neck in a so-called democracy. The first issue that comes into play with the e-toll system is the financial issue of e-tolls. SANRAL accumulated a debt in excess of 20 billion rands over the past few years with the renovations of the Gauteng highways. The government believes that this debt can be covered over several years by implementing the user-pay principle which is simply: road users paying to be on the roads. Two issues sprout from this. The first, OUTA has done some calculations on the total cost of repaying the debt over those 20 years and instead of the 20 billion rand owed, you find that with the e-toll, Gauteng motorists will be paying, an excess of 75 billion rands. The government is yet to explain why they are charging users a whole lot more than what they need to be repaying. This is a huge waste of tax payers’ money as there are already fuel levies being paid to help aid the construction of South African roads. The second, Austrian company Kapsch, will be collecting a total of 665 million ran d annually for the next 8 years, giving a feeling of private investors prospering rather than the benefit of the people. Government argues that this large income of money from e-Tolls will benefit the working and the poor class because they will not have to pay and they get the assurance of safer roads without having to pay. This all seems well but what government forgot to mention is the fact that with the increase in road usage, there will definitely be an increase in the cost of living. Trucking companies that deliver the cheap goods to local supermarket will increase their price of operation which will increase the price of goods which will surely impact their pockets. This does not just limit itself to the delivery of goods. E-tolls do not have as many benefits as first anticipated because the money spent is for the roads and you find that public transport in South Africa is still in a shocking state and many users will still get in vehicles that are not road-worthy and that will not benefit them even if the roads are better. South African, especially Gauteng, road users already have a big issue with the payment of traffic fines. The e-toll system will find that people will fail to pay their bills as in the case of Portugal. A country as developed as Portugal had a total of 19% of users failing to pay their fees and that saw more than a double-increase in the costs of administration in the short space of a year. South Africa, as a developing country, will have themselves a large handful of people who will not pay for their fees. The government will have themselves too much to deal with and will put the burden on the shoulders of the road users again and the cycle will not end.

What You Dont Know About Need Based Scholarship Essay Samples

What You Don't Know About Need Based Scholarship Essay Samples Getting the Best Need Based Scholarship Essay Samples An essay can have a lot of intentions, although the elementary construction of all type of essays will probably be very same. It could have lots of intentions, although the basic framework of all form of essays will probably be exact same. It can have a great deal of intentions, though the basic composition of all type of essays will likely be similar. Frequently, it actually is basic to learn fully free essay, but there exists an additional challenge to get the essay, which you truly want. The very first step to any essay writing is to choose a subject of interest. You don't need to possess the very best writing skills to be able to be creative and compose an effective essay. When you choose our services, we'll give a totally free draft that you may revise before an expert writer starts writing your essay. 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Qatar Petroleum and its HR Policy Free Essay Example, 5750 words

This paper tells that a dearth of informative sources regarding the skills shortage that oil and gas industries are confronted with were obtained and analyzed for the benefit of deriving key points that other successful companies have done to address a similar problem and be able to find out the real cause behind the human resource problems of Qatar Petroleum. Petroleum industries play a key role in the energy requirements of the transportation sector, estimated to be at 90%. It is also considered the only industry that is closely being monitored by almost everyone around the world, and the slight change from its prices can already affect significantly the economies of hundreds of countries around the globe (petroleumindustry. net). One of these key players in the petroleum industries is The Qatar Petroleum, a state-run and third-largest oil and gas company in terms of oil and gas reserves in the world. Main activities of this company are aligned with exploration, production, refini ng, transportation, and storage. In 2004, Qatar Petroleum announced an international agreement with ExxonMobil for the development of a $12 billion USD Qatargas processing facility, with its output destined for the European and British Markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Qatar Petroleum and its HR Policy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page There are continued programmes linking with affiliated state colleges and universities that provide scholarships for individuals interested to take petroleum industry a career path.